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General Review                                                   Last Updated: February 22, 2008
 

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Management of cancer pain

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Palliative chemotherapy: Historical perspective, applications, and controversies

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Pain among children and adolescents: restrictions in daily living and triggering factors

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Pain Disorders Linked to Patient's Perception

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Pharmacologic Pediatric Pain Management

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Pediatric Pain FAQs from NHPCO

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Current status of pain management in children

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Pain management, including intrathecal pumps

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Pain Is the Fifth Vital Sign: The Role of Primary Care in Pain Management (Live Web Conference) CME

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Pain Syndromes in Children (pdf)

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Pain in Seriously Ill Children
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This article is from Cancer Pain Release, where you can find many other similar review articles

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Managing Pain:  A Nurse coordinator's perspective

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Clinical management of the child with chronic pain Paediatric Anaesthesia Vol 12, Issue 9, Nov 2002

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Pain and leukemia: The stories of three children

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Down's Syndrome Patients Require Specific Pain Control
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This is a review of the article in Lancet and a link to its abstract.

Assessment
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Assessing clinically meaningful change following a programme for managing chronic pain

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Faces Pain Scale - Revised (download pdf document here)

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Assessment and management of acute pain
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Guideline from National Guideline Clearinghouse

bullet Commonly Used Pain Scales Valid Measures of Pain Intensity
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Pain Assessment: A Comparison of Patient, Physician and Parent Ratings and of Rating Scales
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Conclusions: Pain score assessments by patients, physician and parents follow similar trends, but rating by physician and parents is consistently lower than by patients. VAS and CS scores are strongly correlated. The results emphasize the importance of patient self-reporting, and demonstrate that VAS scores reflect clinical status

bullet Roswell Park’s Fifth Vital Sign Program Boosts Pain Assessment
bullet Effect on diagnostic efficiency of analgesia for undifferentiated abdominal pain
Complimentary Interventions
 
bullet The Role of Hypnosis For Pain Management
bulletIs acupuncture an appropriate treatment for children?
bullet Hypnosis Reduces Distress and Duration of an Invasive Medical Procedure for Children
bullet New Pain Treatment May Offer Sweet Relief - Some Doctors Criticize Treatments
bulletImagination Takes Kids' Mind Off Pain
bullet Efficacy of spinal manipulation and mobilization for low back pain and neck pain: a systematic review and best evidence synthesis
bullet A randomized controlled trial of aromatherapy massage in a hospice setting
bullet Acupuncture in Addition to Standard Care Confers Clinical Benefit to Patients with Chronic Headache
bullet CAM at the Long-Term Care Facility By Sita Ananth
bulletAlternative therapies are a natural choice for chronic illness management and end-of-life care
bullet Integrative approaches to pain management: how to get the best of both worlds
bullet Randomised trial of acupuncture compared with conventional massage and "sham" laser acupuncture for treatment of chronic neck pain
bullet Massage treatment for back pain
bullet Trial shows that homoeopathic arnica is no better than placebo
bullet Parents' use of nonpharmacological methods to alleviate children's postoperative pain at home
bulletConclusions. Parents used several nonpharmacological pain alleviation methods with their children. However, their implementation seemed to be gender-related and limited to methods that were familiar to the parents from everyday life. The findings can be used in advising parents to use nonpharmacological pain alleviation methods at home after surgical procedures. Further research using experimental designs is needed into the effectiveness of these methods. J Adv Nurs. 2003 Feb;41(4):367-75
bullet Relief of chronic neck and shoulder pain by manual acupuncture to tender points-a sham-controlled randomized trial
bulletConclusions: Acupuncture applied to tender points appears to have short-term effects on neck and shoulder pain and stiffness, but this study was unable to demonstrate any long-term superiority over sham acupuncture.
bullet A phase I study on the feasibility and acceptability of an acupuncture/hypnosis intervention for chronic pediatric pain J Pain Symptom Manage 2002 Oct;24(4):437-46
bullet Hatha Yoga therapy management of urologic disorders
bullet Role of behavioral changes and biofeedback in urology
bullet Effect of thoughtful preparation on the catheterization of children undergoing investigative studies.
bulletConclusion: Careful preparation of children and their parents allows the great majority of diagnostic studies that require urethral catheterization to be accomplished without anesthesia. Neurourol. Urodynam. 22:58-61, 2003. Copyright 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
bullet Acupuncture - NIH Consensus Statement
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New Pain Relief Treatment Cuts Morphine Use After Surgery by More Than 40 % (pdf)

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Someday this idea may be useful in pediatrics

Complex Regional Pain Syndrome
 
bullet Common anesthetic drug found effective in treating severe CRPS pain
bullet Reflex sympathetic dystrophy/complex regional pain syndrome clinical practice guidelines - third edition
bullet Neurotropin Research Study
bullet RSD Research from Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy Syndrome Association
bullet RSD Treatment from Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy Syndrome Association
bullet Clinical Guidelines from Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy Syndrome Association
bullet Spinal cord stimulation in complex regional pain syndrome: cervical and lumbar devices are comparably effective
bullet Clinical practice guideline (second edition) for the diagnosis, treatment, and management of reflex sympathetic dystrophy/complex regional pain syndrome (RSD/CRPS)
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Guideline from National Guideline Clearinghouse

bullet Case Series: IV Regional Anesthesia with Ketorolac and Lidocaine: Is It Effective for the Management of Complex Regional Pain Syndrome 1 in Children and Adolescents?
bullet Complex regional pain syndrome - diagnostic, mechanisms, CNS involvement and therapy
bullet Complex regional pain syndrome and lyme borreliosis: two different diseases?
bulletComplex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is a frequent complication appearing as pain of unexplained pathogenesis. Its association with Lyme borreliosis (LB) is fairly rare. In the presented clinical case,...the patient fulfilled the criteria for both diagnoses, i.e. CRPS and LB. The subsequent antibiotic therapy resulted in a complete remission of both clinical entities.
bulletNeurostimulation Found More Effective and Less Expensive Than Standard Treatment Protocol for Chronic Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy
bulletAn important financial assessment of neurostimulation was recently published in the journal, Neurology by Marius A. Kemler, MD Ph.D and Carina A. Furnée, Ph.D . (Neurology 2002;59:1203-1209). Available by order from the Chronic Pain Resource Center.
bulletNew Studies Available on the Cost-Effectiveness of Neurostimulation and Intrathecal Drug Delivery
bulletTwo recent journal articles by Krishna Kumar, M.B., M.S. FRCS(C), F.A.C.S. compare the cost-effectiveness of both neurostimulation and intrathecal drug delivery vs. conventional pain therapies in patients with failed back syndrome. Neurostimulation and intrathecal drug delivery were found to be cost-effective in the long-term, despite initial costs of the implantable devices. The neurostimulation article is available to order through "journal reprints" section of the web site (Neurosurgery; 51:106-116, 2002). Available by order from the Chronic Pain Resource Center.

Fibromyalgia

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Fibromyalgia Doesn't Mean Inactivity, Study Finds

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Fibromyalgia pain: do we know the source?

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Duloxetine May Be Effective for Treatment of Fibromyalgia Symptoms

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Evaluation of treatments for myofascial pain syndrome and fibromyalgia

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Three-year Follow-up Study

bullet The contribution of pain, reported sleep quality, and depressive symptoms to fatigue in fibromyalgia
bullet A study of standard care in fibromyalgia syndrome: a favorable outcome
bullet Are antidepressants effective in fibromyalgia?
bullet Botulinum toxin in pain management of soft tissue syndromes
bullet Effects on muscle pain by intramuscular injection of granisetron in patients with fibromyalgia
bulletConclusion: The results of this study do not prove that injection of the 5-HT(3)-antagonist GRA into the masseter muscle influences local pain and allodynia/hyperalgesia in patients with fibromyalgia
bullet The pain vigilance and awareness questionnaire (PVAQ): further psychometric evaluation in fibromyalgia and other chronic pain syndromes
bullet Effects of a 1.5-day multidisciplinary outpatient treatment program for fibromyalgia: a pilot study
bullet Inaccuracy in the diagnosis of fibromyalgia syndrome: analysis of referrals
bullet A Physician's Guide to Fibromyalgia Syndrome
bullet Evidence for an altered tryptophan metabolism in fibromyalgia
bulletInteractive Fibromyalgia Case Study
bulletTo obtain CME credits for reviewing this information, log on to the National Pain Education Council site, and navigate to the CME section
bullet Coping strategies and life satisfaction in subgrouped fibromyalgia patients
bulletSeparating fibromyalgia patients into subgroups might increase the potential for improving nursing care of these patients. Through the use of effective coping strategies in dealing with stress and pain, life satisfaction may also be enhanced.

Headache

bullet Antiepileptic Drug Keppra (Levetiracetam) Reduces Migraine Pain in Children
bullet Topiramate in the prophylactic treatment of migraine in children
bullet Butterbur for Migraine Prevention
bullet Headstrong: A Pilot Study of a CD-ROM Intervention for Recurrent Pediatric Headache
bulletThe efficacy and safety of venlafaxine in the prophylaxis of migraine
bullet Surgery Can Reduces Migraine Symptoms
bullet Topiramate in migraine prophylaxis: a randomised double-blind versus placebo study
bullet American Academy of Neurology Issues Guidelines for Pediatric Migraine
bullet Surgical treatment of migraines reduces sick days and increases employee productivity
bullet Anticonvulsants in migraine
bullet Flunarizine in prophylaxis of childhood migraine. A double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study
bullet Prophylactic migraine therapy: emerging treatment options
bullet Electroacupuncture for Tension-type Headache on Distal Acupoints Only: A Randomized, Controlled, Crossover Trial
bullet Patients Who Responded Poorly to Excedrin-Migraine May Get Significant Pain Relief With Relpax (Eletriptan)
bullet Acupuncture in Addition to Standard Care Confers Clinical Benefit to Patients with Chronic Headache
bullet Strict bed rest following lumbar puncture in children and adolescents is of no benefit
bulletAnother medical myth is on its way out
bullet Topiramate for migraine prevention: a randomized controlled trial
bullet Efficacy of topiramate in migraine aura prophylaxis: preliminary results of 12 patients
bullet Botulinum toxin and other new approaches to migraine therapy
bullet Brain imaging and prophylactic therapy in children with migraine: recommendations versus reality
bulletConclusions: Imaging is more frequently obtained and prophylactic therapy less frequently implemented by the referring physician than would be indicated by published recommendations.
bullet Divalproex Sodium Decreases Headaches by Half
bullet Triptans May Be Ineffective in Migraine With Cutaneous Allodynia CME (you will need to login at Medscape)
bullet Review of Recent Advances in Acute Migraine Treatment and Prevention
bullet Pathogenesis of the migraine attack
bulletFrovatriptan
bulletEye-Strain Headache
bullet The Usefulness of Children's Drawings in the Diagnosis of Headache (pdf)
bullet Antiepileptic Drugs for Migraine Prophylaxis (pdf)
bullet Frequent Headache: A Far Too Common Problem (pdf)
bullet Migraine, Tension-Type Headaches, and Their Combination Effects on Health Outcomes, Quality of Life, and Productivity (pdf)
bullet Once-Daily, Extended-Release Divalproex Sodium for Migraine Headache Prophylaxis: A Study of Safety and Efficacy (pdf)
bulletGABA Receptors Appear to Modulate Nociceptive Transmission in the Trigeminocervical Complex (pdf)
bulletBotox Effective in Headache Pain Relief
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Prophylactic treatment of migraine with angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor (lisinopril): randomized, placebo controlled, crossover study
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Add this option to your list of effective migraine prevention strategies. 

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Efficacy and Safety of Acetaminophen in the Treatment of Migraine

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Acute Treatment Strategies for Migraine

Local Control Measures

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Analgesic Effects of Topical Methadone: A Report of Four Cases

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Pain management, including intrathecal pumps

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Intrathecal medication delivery. Neurosurg Clin N Am. 2003 Jul;14(3):381-7

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Patient-Controlled Epidural Analgesia in Children: Can They Do It?

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Transdermal Therapy for Chronic Pain CME Available

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Efficacy and tolerability of a new opioid analgesic formulation, buprenorphine transdermal therapeutic system (TDS), in the treatment of patients with chronic pain. A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study

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Paediatric regional anaesthesia--what makes a difference?
Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol 2002 Jun;16(2):159-74

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Postoperative pain relief after hepatic resection in cirrhotic patients: the efficacy of a single small dose of ketamine plus morphine epidurally

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Intra-articular rifamycin in haemophilic arthropathy
Haemophilia Centre, Department of Orthopaedics, Castelfranco Veneto Hospital (TV), Regione Veneto, Italy

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The addition of droperidol or clonidine to epidural tramadol shortens onset time and increases duration of postoperative analgesia Can J Anaesth 2003 Feb;50(2):147-52

Narcotics
 
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Pharmacologic Treatment of Opioid-Induced Sedation in Chronic Pain

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Tramadol Exposures Reported to Statewide Poison Control System

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The effects of a small-dose naloxone infusion on opioid-induced side effects and analgesia in children and adolescents treated with intravenous patient-controlled analgesia

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Treatment of noncancer pain with oral transmucosal fentanyl citrate (OTFC) (from Pain.com)

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Two Formulations of Extended-Release Oral Morphine Reach Similar Plasma Levels

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Peripheral opioids in inflammatory pain

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Enteral administration of naloxone for treatment of opioid-associated intragastric feeding intolerance

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Continuous Subcutaneous Infusion of Opiates at End-of-Life

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The bioavailability of morphine applied topically to cutaneous ulcers

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Incidence of constipation associated with long-acting opioid therapy: a comparative study

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Developmental pharmacokinetics of morphine and its metabolites in neonates, infants and young children

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Addition of ultralow dose naloxone to postoperative morphine PCA: unchanged analgesia and opioid requirement but decreased incidence of opioid side effects

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New Formulation Of Actiq (Oral Transmucosal Fentanyl Citrate) Approved By FDA

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New Perspectives on the Pharmacology of Opioids and Their Use in Chronic Pain (CME Available)

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Optimizing Analgesic Response When Pain is Uncontrolled by Oral Opioids
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This article is from Cancer Pain Release, where you can find many other similar review articles

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Opioids in cancer pain: common dosing errors

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The importance of opioid tolerance: a therapeutic paradox J.Amer Coll Surg. Feb. 2003. Vol. 196, No.2:321-4.

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Characteristics and adequacy of intravenous morphine infusions in children in a paediatric oncology setting

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Oral tramadol for the treatment of pain of 7-30 days' duration in children
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This open-label, multicenter trial was designed to determine the safety profile and analgesic efficacy of tramadol for the treatment of painful conditions lasting 7-30 days in 7-16-yr-old children. We found that tramadol 1-2 mg/kg per os every 4-6 h (maximal dose = 8 mg x kg(-1). d(-1), not to exceed 400 mg/d) is a safe and effective analgesic in this patient population.

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Clinical pharmacology of opioids for pain
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Inturrisi CE. Clin J Pain 2002 Jul-Aug;18(4 Suppl):S3-13
Department of Pharmacology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, Pain and Palliative Care Service, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10021, USA

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Effects of intermediate- and long-term use of opioids on cognition in patients with chronic pain
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"Relatively few differences have been found when cognitive performance in these patients is compared with their performance before taking opioids, or with the performance of a comparable pain population not taking opioids. Major unresolved questions remain regarding such important issues as effects of different types of opioids, dose effects, interactions with other medications, and subject variables."

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FDA Approves Once-Daily Avinza (Extended Release Morphine) For Chronic, Moderate-To-Severe Pain

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EPERC Fast Fact and Concept #75: Methadone for Pain

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Einstein Researchers Report on Safer Narcotic Painkillers That Prevent Dependency, Withdrawal Problems

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PRN Range for Analgesic Orders

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Sufentanil: an overview of its use for acute pain management

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Strategies to manage the adverse effects of oral morphine: an evidence-based report

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Intravenous Methadone in the Management of Chronic Cancer Pain

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Pioneering Durogesic (Transdermal Fentanyl) Skin Patch:
 A Clear Choice In Chronic Pain Which Is Difficult To Treat
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May 27, 2002 -- The UK's first skin patch to offer strong pain relief (DurogesicTM - transdermal fentanyl) - has received approval from UK regulators allowing its use for the first time to treat chronic (ongoing or continued) intractable pain such as arthritis and back pain.

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Reducing Morphine Tolerance (pdf)

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An Individual Opinion on the Use of Demerol for Rigors

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Nasal Diamorphine Preferred For Children With Limb Fractures
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Seems like a great idea: 0.1 mg/kg diamorphine intranasally relieves severe fracture pain faster that an IM injection without the need for a needle. This study was performed in Great Britain. Hopefully the product will become available in the United States. This is a review of the article in the British Med Journal, with a link to the full text version.

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The Neurotoxicity of Opioids 
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This is a brief case presentation demonstrating some of the common side effects of opioid analgesics and their management.

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Methadone in the Treatment of Chronic Non-Malignant Pain-a 2-Year Review
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We are re-learning the benefits of methadone. Consider this medication in the treatment of post-herpetic neuralgia.  This is a review of the article in Pain Medicine and a link to its abstract.

Neonatal Issues
 
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The reliability and validity of the COMFORT scale as a postoperative pain instrument in
0 to 3-year-old infants

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Morphine Does Not Provide Adequate Analgesia for Acute Procedural Pain
Among Preterm Neonates

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Childhood Pain May Play Part In Chronic Adult Issues

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Oral hypertonic glucose spray: a practical alternative for analgesia in the newborn

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Sedatives for opiate withdrawal in newborn infants

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Specific Newborn Individualized Developmental Care and Assessment Program
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Movements are associated with acute pain in preterm infants in the neonatal intensive care unit

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NPAS - Neonatal Pain, Agitation, and Sedation Scale
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The N-PASS is a valid and reliable clinical pain/agitation and sedation tool for neonates. Nurses find the N-PASS easy and quick to use clinically, facilitating documentation and management of pain and sedation.

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Parental concern and distress about infant pain
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Conclusions: Parents have unmet information needs about infant pain and wish greater involvement in their infant’s pain care. Parent concerns about infant pain may contribute to parental stress.

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Prevention and management of pain and stress in the neonate
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Guideline from National Guideline Clearinghouse

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Consensus Statement on Neonatal Pain

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Neonatal Pain: The Evolution of an Idea

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Randomized trial of analgesic effects of sucrose, glucose, and pacifiers in term neonates
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Both sucrose solution and the sucking reflex act to relieve pain in newborns.

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EMLA Cream for Circumcision

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Effect of neonatal circumcision on pain responses during vaccination in boys

bulletBladder Retention of Urine as a Result of Continuous Intravenous Infusion of Fentanyl: 2 Case Reports
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A Pictorial and Video Guide to Circumcision Without Pain
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This is a superbly presented, thorough discussion of the topic. You may need to login on Medscape and search for ID #: 453637

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Their suggestion: "Using a multimodal approach to pain prevention during a newborn circumcision might lead to the following approach. The infant is premedicated with a 10- to 15-mg/kg dose of acetaminophen by mouth at least 30 minutes before the procedure. He is placed on a padded circumcision chair with his legs restrained in a comfortable, semiflexed position. His arms are secured with a swaddled blanket technique and placed in a flexed position with his hands placed near his face to allow for self-comforting measures. He is under a radiant warmer so his temperature is consistent and comfortable. His eyes are shielded from any bright light. A pacifier along with some 25% sucrose water is provided. His penis and groin are prepped with a warmed anti-septic solution, and 0.5% or 1% lidocaine is adm